Closer to the former coastline, lava reached thicknesses of 55 to 280 m 7, 8. Flow thicknesses here range from 5 to 15 m. The main 28-m-high cone constructed during this phase of eruption is in the background. f shows the margin of the lava flow field from the fissure 8. The time required to return the lava-covered land to its former state is probably decades. (Note fissure 8 fountain in the background). Several large ‘islands’ like the one shown in the foreground in e were isolated and without access to County electrical or water supplies. The houses in d were located on the coast at Kapoho tide pools. Houses in the direct path of the lava either were burned ( d) or surrounded by the flows ( e). The image shows a house that was damaged but not destroyed by large projectiles. Houses close to the fissures were bombarded by projectiles ( c) and/or damaged by ground cracking and hot volcanic gas, especially SO 2.
b From late May to July 2018, lava flowing first northeast then to the southeast, devastating the Kapoho Beach Lots and Vacationland subdivisions 8 ( K and V in b). Later activity spread further and mostly to the southeast. Significant destruction in the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna subdivisions ( L and G in b) occurred in May. Lavas from the 2018 LERZ eruption impacted directly on only a tiny portion of the County of Hawai’i 7, some 0.34% of its land area (white areas in b).
The areas colored red in a are lavas emplaced in the last 200 years. Much of Kīlauea volcano (and its neighbor Mauna Loa) have been re-surfaced by new lava in the very recent past. Images and impacts of the 2018 LERZ eruption. Puna had suffered significant infrastructural damage in at least four previous eruptions including the destruction of the communities of Kapoho (1960), Royal Gardens (1983–2012), and Kalapana-Kaimū (1990–1991). The total cost of recovery from the eruption has been estimated at greater than $US 800M 9. 1e), but isolated and without water and electricity. Locally, the boundary between no impact and total devastation was always exceptionally sharp, leaving some homes untouched (Fig. Figure 1 illustrates that all the destroyed houses lay within the lava hazard zones 1 and 2. The flows impacted four residential subdivisions in Puna (Fig. However, lava flows burnt and/or crushed most structures in their path 723 buildings were destroyed, 3000 residents were evacuated and two major highways and a total of 50 km of public roads were cut by the flows 9. The eruption response could be considered a success in that no lives were lost. Major infrastructural damage occurred in and adjacent to the LERZ (Fig. The 2018 summit and flank eruption of Kīlauea volcano was one of the largest volcanic events in Hawaiʻi in 200 years, erupting close to 1 km 3 of new lava 7, 8, and ranks as the costliest volcanic disaster in the USA since the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens. Valuable lessons regarding complex interplay of science, policy, and public behavior emerge from this disaster. Steep population growth occurred 6 during the absence of any locally sourced eruptions between 19, and set the scene for the unprecedented levels of infrastructural damage during the 2018 LERZ eruption. The capitalization of high risk into low land prices attracted people to this beautiful but hazardous area. Long-term recognition of the high threat to Puna from lava flows from the ERZ 4, 5, depicted on the 1974 USGS lava hazard map, ensured that land values were always depressed in lower Puna (within the three highest hazard lava zones 1–3). In contrast, no damaging eruptions occurred after 1961 in the more heavily populated Puna district from the vents within the lower portion of the ERZ (LERZ). The interval 1967–2018 was dominated by eruptions from the upper part of the ERZ 3. Its recent history has been dominated by activity at the summit caldera and from one (of two) lines of vents called the Eastern Rift Zone (ERZ). Some 90% of its surface has been re-paved by new lava in just the last 1100 years 3.
Kīlauea is one of the most active volcanoes on our planet 1 and has one of the earliest, most comprehensive volcanic monitoring systems 2.
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